Propolis, also called "bee glue," is a resinous substance bees use to construct and maintain their hives. In laboratory tests, propolis has exhibited a variety of interesting antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties.

Propolis has been used since ancient times in folk medicine for its beneficial effects.

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What's in Propolis?
Propolis is a mixture of resin, essential oils and waxes mixed with bee glue; also it contains amino acid, minerals, ethanol, vitamin A, B complex, E, pollen and highly active ingredients known as flavonoids or bioflavonoids.

Benefits of Propolis
Research studies indicate that propolis, a flavonoid-rich product of honey comb, exhibits antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. Laboratory studies also show that propolis has anti-tumor effects. An ointment made of propolis is able to heal genital herpetic lesions (see below). In addition, propolis has can enhance the immune system and the flavonoids in propolis act as antioxidants.

Propolis and cancer prevention
Propolis possesses various physiological activities includin antitumor effects.

Propolis cautions
Propolis may infrequently cause contact dermatitis and other allergic reactions.

Propolis antioxidant
Antioxidant compounds of propolis determined by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.
J Sep Sci. 2007 Mar;30(4):595-603. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Propolis is a resinous hive product rich in antioxidant compounds. Different phenolic compounds (e.g. pinobanksin 3-acetate, naringenin, pinocembrin, Chrysin, daidzein, quercetin 3',7-dimethyl ether, apigenin, and kaempferid) were detected. To confirm the identity of the phenolic compounds in propolis extracts, accurate mass data of the molecular ions were obtained by TOF MS. Limits of detection ranging from 6 mg/100 g of raw propolis for chrysin to 58 mg/ 100 g of raw propolis for luteolin, were obtained.

Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Oct;94(2-3):307-315.
The effect of polyphenolic compounds isolated from propolis and propolis itself was investigated on the growth and metastatic potential of a transplantable mammary carcinoma (MCa) of CBA mouse. A water-soluble derivative of proplis, caffeic acid, caffeic acid phenethyl ester and quercetin were given to mice before tumor cells inoculation. Tested compounds significantly decreased the number of tumor nodules in the lung. According to the results obtained the antitumor activity of tested compounds can be related to the immunomodulatory properties of the compounds, their cytotoxicity to tumor cells, and their capacity to induce apoptosis and necrosis. The experimental data support that propolis, caffeic acid, affeic acid phenethyl ester and quercetin could be potentially useful in the control of tumor growth in experimental models.

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